The typology of defence and security corruption risks below, created by Transparency International's Defence and Security Programme (TI DSP), gives details on the many ways corruption may manifest itself in these high-risk sectors. Our typology defines five main categories:

• Political risks
• Procurement risks
• Personnel risks
• Financial risks
• Operational risks

Under each category, we have listed the areas in which corruption is likely to occur. Click on each box for detailed information on each topic.

• Political
  • Defence & Security Policy
  • Defence Budgets
  • Nexus of Defence & National Assets
  • Organised Crime
  • Intelligence Services Control
  • Export Controls
• Finance
  • Asset Disposals
  • Secret Budgets
  • Military-Owned Businesses
  • Illegal Private Enterprises

• Personnel
  • Leadership Behaviour
  • Payroll, Promotions, Appointments, Rewards
  • Conscription
  • Salary Chain
  • Values and Standards
  • Small Bribes
• Operations
  • Disregard of Corruption in Country
  • Corruption Within Mission
  • Contracting
  • Private Security Companies

• Procurement
  • Technical Requirements / Specifications
  • Single Sourcing
  • Agents and Brokers
  • Collusive Bidders
  • Financing Package
  • Offsets
  • Contract Award and Delivery
  • Subcontractors
  • Seller Influence